Pelvic implant with suspending system

ABSTRACT

A method of providing support to an anatomical structure of the pelvis includes inserting a first suspending member into a pelvic space on a first side of a urethra of a patient, the first suspending member being slidably received through a first end of a support. A second suspending member is inserted into a pelvic space on a second side of the urethra of the patient, the second suspending member being slidably received through a second end of the support. A position of the support under the urethra of the patient is adjusted by tensioning the first suspending member. The first suspending member is pulled through the first end of the support.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/072,901, filed Feb. 28, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/199,061, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,789,821 on Sep. 7, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/398,992, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,960,160 on Nov. 1, 2005, which is the U.S. national stage of international Patent Application No. PCT/GB01/04554, filed Oct. 12, 2001, the entirety of each of which is incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a system and method for the treatment of pelvic floor abnormalities, in particular female urinary incontinence.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Urinary incontinence is an involuntary release of urine when increases in abdominal pressure caused by sneezing, coughing, or exercising, for example, are not uniformly transmitted to the proximal urethra, resulting in urine “leakage.” Moderate urinary incontinence is inconvenient and can be a social and hygienic problem, while severe urinary incontinence can be disabling. Urinary incontinence occurs in women and is caused by for example, hypermobility of the bladder neck and proximal urethra (excessive downward and rotational movement of the bladder neck) or intrinsic sphincter deficiency.

Urinary incontinence affects a large number of women and, consequently, various approaches have been developed to treat female urinary incontinence. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with approaches ranging from pelvic floor exercises to surgical techniques such as Burch colposuspension and Stamey type endoscopic procedures in which the sutures are placed so as to elevate the bladder neck.

One known procedure positions a support, i.e., a sling loosely under the urethra. It is generally understood that this treatment alleviates urinary incontinence by occluding the mid-urethra (for example at a time of raised abdominal pressure by coughing or the like).

Problems associated with surgical correction of the failed support mechanisms include under-correction or over-correction. The surgeon must determine the degree of support necessary to properly elevate and support the urethra to properly address the urinary incontinence problem. This determination must be made both pre-, intra-, and post-operatively. Too little elevation causes urinary incontinence to remain, although the degree of incontinence may be reduced. Too much elevation can result in voiding dysfunction (reduced capacity or inability to void), leading to prolonged catheterization, and the need for postoperative correction.

The incidence of postoperative urinary retention due to post-operative obstruction can be high at several weeks after surgery, and a number of patients have post-operative urinary retention that persists. Symptomatic detrusor instability represents the bladder's response to increased outlet resistance caused by an improperly tensioned sling. The incidence of post-operative irritative symptoms secondary to detrusor instability can be unacceptably high. Appropriate tensioning of the suburethral support, i.e., sling minimizes persistent incontinence and voiding dysfunction. However, appropriate tensioning during surgery is difficult to assess and frequently is found to be excessive or insufficient once the patient has assumed normal posture and movement post-operatively. Methods and devices for immediate and short term post-operative adjustment of the tension in a suburethral support member, i.e., sling for the treatment of urinary incontinence are needed to mitigate the post-operative complications associated with inappropriate tensioning of the sling.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One of the problems identified and solved by the invention disclosed herein is that appropriate immediate and short-term post-operative tensioning of a suburethral support in a patient can minimize the discomfort, persistent incontinence and voiding dysfunction that often complicates prior art methods and devices for therapy of pelvic floor abnormalities including urinary incontinence. The invention described below relates to a system and method that permits fine tuning of a urethral support member, i.e., sling tension immediately post-operatively and for days up to a week rather than hours after the sling has been implanted in the patient. Accordingly, at least one objective according to the invention described herein is to provide a system and method that mitigates the post-operative complications associated with under-tensioning or over-tensioning a suburethral sling implanted for the therapy of urinary incontinence or other pelvic floor dysfunctional or structural abnormalities.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a supplementary stabilization system for stabilizing the urethra. The stabilization system has a first elongate thread member and a second elongate thread member, each elongate thread member comprising an absorbable, flexible material having a length extending from a first end to a second end. In one embodiment, the second end of each thread member is free. The system for stabilizing the urethra also has a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer. In one embodiment, the first stabilizer is joined to the first end of the first elongate thread member. The second stabilizer is joined to the first end of the second elongate member thread member.

In one embodiment, the elongate thread members are non-porous, i.e., having no interstices such as pits, gaps or holes for cellular integration. The width of each elongate thread member is in the range of 0.1 to 2 mm.

The supplementary stabilization system also has a first and second suspending member and a support member. The support member has a first end and a second end. The first suspending member and the second suspending member each have a first end and a second end. The first end of each suspending member is joined to one of the first or second stabilizer. The second end of each suspending member is joined to either the first end or the second end of the support member.

In one embodiment, the support member has a length that is shorter than either of the first and second thread member. In one embodiment, the first thread member and the second thread member have a width that is in the range of about 0.8% to 20% of the width of the support member. Each of the thread first thread member and the second thread member may also have a length that is longer than the support member.

In a particular embodiment, the urethral support system has a tensioner. The tensioner includes a mechanism for including and retaining 1 or 2 thread members and a mechanism for tightening and loosening the urethral support member by mechanically exerting a linear or rotary force movement or by manual means.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for stabilizing a urethral support member under the urethra to treat urinary incontinence, for example. According to the method, a surgeon introduces a urethral support stabilization system including an absorbable first elongate member and an absorbable second elongate member having a first end and a second end, and the urethral support member through an incision in the vaginal wall. The first end of the system is introduced to the paraurethral space lateral to the urethra, through the subcutaneous tissue, and through the skin at a first location. The second end of the system is introduced in the paraurethral space on the other side of the urethra, through the subcutaneous tissue on that side of the urethra, and through the skin at a second location. In one embodiment the first and second locations are located on the skin of the abdomen. In another embodiment, the first and second locations are located on the perineal skin or the skin of the upper medial leg.

In an alternative method, the order of tissues through which the urethral support system passes is reverse of the order above.

In one embodiment, the urethral support stabilization system further includes a stabilizer correctable to an elongate member. The method further comprises positioning the stabilizer in soft tissue, for example, in the soft tissue of the retropubic space, the soft tissue of the perineal space, or the pre-pubic soft tissue. The stabilizer is located between an absorbable elongate member and the urethral support member. The length of the urethral support stabilization system between the stabilizer and the midpoint of the urethral support member is less than the distance between the patient's urethra and the skin at the first location. According to the invention, the stabilizer is positioned in pelvic soft tissue without penetrating the rectus sheath, in a vaginal to abdominal approach, or the subcutaneous tissue of the perineal skin in a vaginal to perineal approach or in the subcutaneous tissue of the pre-pubic skin in a vaginal to pre-pubic approach.

In one embodiment, the method of the invention further includes providing a tensioner to the surface of the abdominal perineal, or pre-pubic skin, as the case may be. The tensioner has a first and second end and is joined to the first and second elongate members, respectively, after the elongate members emerge from the skin. The method further includes adjusting the tension on the support member by adjusting the tensioner. At anytime up to ten days after the urethral support member is implanted in the patient, tension is applied to the second end of the elongate member at the first location. In one embodiment, the tension is applied manually by the surgeon. Alternatively, tension may be applied to the elongate member and transmitted to the urethral support member by mechanical means, for example, by a mechanical rotary or a linear force movement. The magnitude of the tension is sufficient to permit a remnant of the first end of the elongate member to retract under the skin after cutting the remnant. The first end of the elongate member is cut while it is under tension wherein the remnant of the first end retracts under the skin.

In one embodiment of the method of the invention, applying tension to one or the other elongate member comprises advancing or withdrawing one or the other stabilizer in the soft tissues of the patient. As used herein, withdrawing a stabilizer in the soft tissues of the patient means moving the stabilizer back along the path in which the stabilizer was advanced, i.e., in a reverse direction, without causing significant trauma to the soft tissue along the path and without applying more force, preferably less force, than the force that was required to advance the stabilizer.

These and other objects, along with advantages and features of the present invention herein disclosed, will become apparent through reference to the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the claims. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and can exist in various combinations and permutations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention disclosed herein, as well as the invention itself, will be more fully understood from the following description of preferred embodiments and claims, when read together with the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates a plan view of a urethral support system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2A illustrates a side view of a first elongate member and a second elongate member of the urethral support system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2B illustrates various embodiments of the cross-sectional shape of the first and second elongate members taken at 1B-1B of the urethral support system illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3A illustrates a front view and FIG. 3B illustrates a perspective view of a stabilizer of the urethral support system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a plan view of a urethral support system including a first suspending member and a second suspending member according to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5A illustrates a top view of a urethral support member connected to a stabilizer at each end of the urethral support system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5B illustrates a side view of the urethral support member and stabilizer illustrated in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6A illustrates a top view of a tensioner of the urethral support system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6B illustrates a side view of the tensioner illustrated in FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7A illustrates a perspective view of a tensioner of the urethral support system according to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7B illustrates an exploded view of the tensioner illustrated in FIG. 7A;

FIGS. 7C-7E illustrate the steps for applying retaining and applying tension to an elongate member by the tensioner illustrated in FIG. 7A;

FIG. 8A illustrates a sagittal section and FIGS. 8B and 8C illustrate a transverse section of the pelvic area illustrating the steps in a method for treating the pelvic floor, for example, for treating urinary incontinence according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9A illustrates a sagittal section taken at 9A-9A in FIG. 9B; and

FIG. 9B illustrates a transverse section of the pelvic area illustrating the steps in a method for treating the pelvic floor, for example, for treating urinary incontinence, according to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates a zoom view of the urethral support system of FIG. 1 including a knot, according to an embodiment.

DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a urethral support system 20 according to an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 1, the exemplary urethral support system 20 has multiple components including a supplementary urethral support stabilization system 10 comprising a first elongate member 22 and a second elongate member 22′. In one embodiment of the invention, the supplementary urethral support stabilization system 10 further includes at least one tensioner (not shown), alternatively two tensioners described below. In another embodiment, the supplementary stabilization system 10 includes a first elongate member 22 and a second elongate member 22′, and a first stabilizer 24 and a second stabilizer 24′. Alternatively, the supplementary urethral support stabilization system 10 includes at least one tensioner, a first and second elongate member 22, 22′, and a first and second stabilizer 24, 24′. The urethral support system 20 further includes a support member 26. In one embodiment, the urethral support system 20 further includes a first suspending member 23 and a second suspending member 23′.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an embodiment of the supplementary urethral support stabilization system 10 of the urethral support system 20 including the first elongate member 22 and the second elongate member 22′. With reference to FIG. 2A, the exemplary first elongate member 22 and the exemplary second elongate member 22′ are substantially identical and typically thread-like, i.e., not tape or ribbon-like members. The material used to make the elongate member is absorbable, i.e., biodegradable and does not act as a scaffold to permit ingrowth of patient tissues, e.g., fibrous tissue, into the material. Appropriate materials include absorbable synthetic polymers, lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, co-polymers or combinations of the above, for example, in one embodiment, the material used to make the elongate member is solid, for example, monofilament without interstices such as pores, pits, or spaces, for example, that would permit cellular integration in the material, i.e., not a mesh, braid, knitted, or woven material. In another embodiment the material may be braided.

Each of the first elongate member 22 and the second elongate member 22′ is longer or as long as the urethral support member 26 (described below in greater detail). Embodiments of the elongate member made from a monofilament lack the projecting ends of mesh, knitted, woven, or braided materials and therefore slide in soft tissue more easily forward (advancing) in one direction or backward (withdrawing) in the opposite direction. In one embodiment, each of the first elongate member 22 and the second elongate member 22′ includes a first end 30 and a second end 32. In one embodiment, the second end 32 is free while the first end 30 is joined to another part of the urethral support system 20.

Referring to FIG. 2B, typically, the first elongate member 22 and second elongate member 22′ of the supplementary urethral support stabilization system 10 have a cross-sectional width in the range of about 0.1 to 2.0 millimeters. The cross-sectional shape of the first 22 and second elongate members 22′ may be round, oval, triangular, or rectangular, for example. In one embodiment, the thread-like elongate members 22, 22′ are sufficiently flexible to be knotted. The elongate members may be coated with an absorbable, i.e., biodegradable lubricious material, for example, proteins, polysaccharides, hydrophilic polymers, wax, hydrogel, silicone, silicone rubber, PTFE, PBA, ethyl cellulose or the like, to ease the sliding of the elongate member in soft tissues. The length of each of the first and second elongate members is in the range for example of about, 6-18 cm, preferably 7-16 cm. The thin, thread-like feature of the elongate member is advantageous over the prior art because the elongate members according to the invention do not permit ingrowth of patient tissue and slide in two-directions, i.e., forward and backward more easily than prior art urethral support sling systems which use broad flat tape-like members to encourage ingrowth of patient tissues and can not be moved without causing significant tissue trauma after operative placement.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate an exemplary stabilizer 24 of the supplementary urethral support stabilization system 10 of the urethral support system 20 according to an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 3A, the exemplary stabilizer 24 is a planar, elongate, substantially rectangular or oval tab including a radius 51 at the distal end 52, and is flat at the proximal end 54 opposite to the distal end 52. Alternatively, the stabilizer 24 is substantially cylindrical (not shown) rather than planar or the stabilizer 24 may include a radius 51 at the proximal end 54 as well as at the distal end 52. The sides 56 of the stabilizer 24 include multiple radii 53, or flat beads, for example, 2-6 flat beads, more preferably 1-2 flat beads, most preferably one bead, i.e., radius. Other than the “beads”, all sides of the stabilizer are devoid of projections that may increase the drag or prevent substantially free passage of the stabilizer 24 in soft tissue. The length of the stabilizer 24 is in the range of about 0.8 to 2.0 cm. The width of the stabilizer at its widest point is in the range of about 2 to 4 mm, preferably 3 mm. The thickness of the stabilizer is in the range of about 100 to 400 microns, preferably 200 microns.

With continued reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B, in one embodiment of the invention, the illustrated exemplary stabilizer 24 includes a throughhole 58 at the distal end 52 extending from one surface 61 to the other surface 62 of the stabilizer 24. In one embodiment, the throughhole 58 operates as an eyelet to which the first end of the elongate member (not shown) may be knotted to connect the stabilizer to the elongate member. The multiple beads 53 along the sides 56 of the stabilizer 24 permit ratcheting of the stabilizer 24 as it is pulled through the fascia of the patient by the surgeon during implantation of the urethral support system 20 illustrated in FIG. 1. Ratcheting aids the surgeon during the implantation procedure by increasing the “feel” of the system as it is being implanted.

The stabilizer 24 including the beads along the sides, described above, has at least one advantage over prior art stabilizers in that the stabilizer 24 may be reversibly transitioned in tissue, i.e., movement in tissues two-ways: (i) forward along the path of the respective elongate member to which the stabilizer 24 is joined, and (ii) back along the path already taken by the stabilizer 24. Accordingly, the stabilizer 24 permits positional fine-tuning by transitioning the stabilizer 24 forward or backwards, for example, by pulling in either direction during and after delivery of the urethral support system 20 in the patient's tissues. Moreover, the stabilizers of the supplementary stabilization system 10 aid in holding the urethral support member under the urethra in a correct position. In addition, the stabilizers according to the invention are not readily palpable, or may not be palpable transvaginally. The stabilizers and/or the supplementary stabilization system, according to the invention, are positioned in the soft tissue with adequate tensile strength to counter dislodging by, for example, coughing or straining, or by other instances of increased intra-abdominal pressure, until suitable integration of the patient's soft tissue occurs with the implanted urethral support member. Typically, the timeframe required for integration of the urethral support member is about 24 hours to about seven days.

The stabilizer according to the invention differs structurally and functionally from prior art devices because prior art devices are typically pronged, barbed, or have rough surfaces that, once drawn into soft tissue, cannot be withdrawn along the path already taken by the device. In contrast, the stabilizer according to the invention may be withdrawn along the tissue path already taken with minimal trauma to the soft tissue and allows forward and backward repositioning of the urethral support member. In particular, the stabilizer according to the invention permits adjustment to the tension of the urethral support member by transmitting the tension to the urethral support member through the stabilizer after the stabilizer is introduced into the patient's tissues. Because the stabilizer can be moved forward (advanced) and backward (withdrawn), tension transmitted to the urethral support member can be reduced as well as increased, a feature not present in prior art urethral support systems or methods for treating urinary incontinence.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the exemplary first stabilizer 24 is joined to the first end 30 of the first elongate member 22 and the second stabilizer 24′ is joined to the first end 30 of the second elongate member 22′ of the supplementary urethral support stabilization system 10. The stabilizer may be joined to the elongate member by any means known in the art, such as by knotting the elongate member to the stabilizer through the stabilizer throughhole, for example as shown in FIG. 10, or by thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding, application of an adhesive, chemical bonding, or by molding a stabilizer-elongate member combination such that the stabilizer and the elongate member form a single integral part.

Referring to FIG. 4, in one embodiment, the urethral support system 20 further includes a first suspending member 23 and a second suspending member 23′ that connect the first stabilizer 24 to one end of the urethral support member 26, and the second stabilizer 24′ to the other end of the urethral support member, respectively. The suspending members 23 may be for example, a strip, such as, for example, a polymer strip. The suspending members may be joined to the support member 26 and/or the stabilizers 24, 24′ by crimping, thermal bonding, chemical bonding, ultrasonic bonding, adhesive, or formed as an integral unit with the stabilizers and or the urethral support member.

Each of the exemplary first suspending member 23 and second suspending member 23′ illustrated in FIG. 4 feature an elongated element having a length in the range of about 1 to 3 cm, preferably about 1 to 2 cm. The width of each of the suspending members is typically 11 mm on the end adjacent to the mesh tapering to 2 mm on the end adjacent to the stabilizer.

In another embodiment referring again to FIG. 1, the exemplary suspending members 23, 23′ form an integral part of the urethral support member 26 and taper to the stabilizers 24, 24′, respectively. Alternatively, the urethral support member 26 is joined directly to the stabilizers 24, 24′ without an intervening suspending member (see FIGS. 5A-5B).

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a urethral support member 26, such as a sling, according to an embodiment of the invention. The exemplary urethral support member 26 is a flat, ribbon, or tape-like implant. According to one embodiment, the support member 26 is a mesh comprised of strands. The length of the support member 26 is in the range of about, 6 to 20 cm, preferably 7 to 16 cm, more preferably 8 to 14 cm preferably 12 cm, or 8 cm in length. The width of the urethral support member 26 may be in the range of about 6 to 15 mm, preferably 8 to 13 mm, more preferably 11 mm in width. The weight of the urethral support member 26 is in the range of about 10 to 30 g/m², preferably 15 to 25 g/m², more preferably 18 to 20 g/m², most preferably 19 g/m². Exemplary embodiments of the mesh urethral support member are described in U.S. Ser. Nos. 10/473,825 and 10/398,992, incorporated by reference herein. The strands of the mesh urethral support member 26 are in the range of about 150 to 600 microns in diameter. The strands are arranged such that they form a regular network and are spaced apart from each other such that for a diamond net arrangement a space of between 2 to 5 mm exists between the points where the strands of the mesh interact with each other. In a hexagonal net arrangement the space is between 2 to 5 mm between opposite diagonal points where the strands of the mesh interact.

It is preferable to space the strands as far as part as possible to allow blood to pass through the implant and reduce the mass of the implant, while providing the mesh with sufficient tensile strength and elasticity to be effective, it can therefore be appreciated that considerable variability in the maximum spacing between the strands can be achieved depending on the material from which the strands are comprised and the net pattern in which the strands are arranged.

In one embodiment the strands are arranged in a diamond net pattern, however any pattern which provides suitable tensile strength and elasticity may be used. For example a hexagonal net pattern may be used.

Ideally, in order to reduce the overall mass of the urethral support member, the strands should have as narrow a diameter as possible while still providing the mesh with suitable tensile strength and elasticity. The strands of the mesh include at least two filaments arranged to interact such that pores are formed between the filaments. The pores formed between the filaments are around about 50 to 200 microns, such a spacing allowing fibroblast through growth to occur. Fibroblast through growth secures the implant in place within the body. Additionally and importantly the suitably sized pores allow the implant to act as a scaffold to encourage the deposition of new patient tissue to promote integration of the urethral support member into the patient's soft tissues.

Suitable materials from which the mesh can be made are sufficiently inert to avoid foreign body reactions when retained in the human body for long periods of time and have suitably easy handling characteristics for placement under the urethra in the desired location in the body. The mesh can be easily sterilized to prevent the introduction of infection when the mesh is implanted in the human body.

For example, the filaments may be formed from any biocompatible material. In one embodiment, the filaments are formed from polyester, wherein each polyester filament is around 0.09 mm in diameter. Suitable materials of which the filaments may be formed also include polypropylene.

The filaments of the strands may be knitted together using warp knit to reduce the possibility of fraying of the filaments and strands. The fine warp knit of the filaments provides a urethral support member which is flexible in handling, which can be easily cut into different shapes and dimensions. As the strands are formed using warp knit, the possibility of fraying of the edge of the urethral support member following production or cutting of the mesh is reduced.

Other methods of reducing fraying of the filaments after cutting or production of the mesh include heat treatment, laser treatment or the like to seal the edges of the mesh.

The mesh may be supplied in any shape or size and cut to the appropriate dimensions as required.

It can be appreciated that cutting of the mesh will produce an unfinished edge. Due to the sparse nature of the strands that form the mesh and their narrow diameter, this unfinished edge does not suffer from the same problems as edges of meshes of the prior art.

In other words the edge produced is not rough and jagged such that it increases the likelihood of extrusion of the edge of the mesh in situ or the chance of infection.

An advantage of the mesh of the present invention is that it allows substantially less foreign material to be left into the body than conventional meshes for pelvic region repair.

However, to improve handling the mesh described above may be treated using an absorbable coating. The absorbable coating includes, for example, a layer of absorbable material having a thickness greater than that of the strands of the mesh. For example, the thickness of the layer of absorbable material may be around 1 to 2 mm. The strands of the mesh may be entirely embedded in the absorbable coating such that the outer surface of the mesh is covered entirely of the absorbable coating encasing the entire urethral support member.

Accordingly, in this embodiment, urethral support member has no gaps or holes on its surface to reduce the likelihood of bacteria becoming lodged on the strands of the mesh before implantation of the mesh. Furthermore, the absorbable coating makes the mesh more substantial and less flexible such that it is more easily handled by a surgeon.

In an alternative embodiment, the absorbable coating includes a layer of absorbable material applied to one face of the mesh, such that the mesh has a first face on which the absorbable material has been applied and a second face on which the absorbable material has not been applied such that the first and second faces and each have different characteristics.

It can also be envisaged that the surgical implant is provided with improved surgical handling qualities by a range of other methods. Such methods include the releasable attachment of the mesh to a backing strip.

The backing strip may be formed from plastics material and is adhered to the surgical implant using releasable adhesive.

In a similar fashion to the absorbable coating the backing strip causes the mesh to be more substantial and less flexible such that it is more easily handled by a surgeon. Following the suitable placement of the mesh the backing strip can be removed from the mesh, the mesh being retained in the body and the backing material being removed by the surgeon. Application of the backing strip to the mesh means the mesh benefits from reduced mass but that the mesh and backing strip together give characteristics required for surgical handling.

In a further embodiment, the filaments of the mesh may be comprised from bicomponent microfibres or composite polymers. These technologies provide the implant with dual phase technology.

The bicomponent microfibres comprise a core and surface material. The surface material may be resorbed by host tissues in a matter of hours, while the core material remains in the body for a longer period to enable tissue ingrowth.

Suitable bicomponent microfibres include a polypropylene non-absorbable portion and a polylactic acid absorbable portion, for example.

The surface material is present during the surgical procedure when the mesh is being inserted and positioned in the soft tissues of the patient, and provides the mesh with characteristics desirable for surgical handling. Following implantation in the patient's body, typically a few hours, the surface material is absorbed by the body leaving only the core material of the filaments in the body. The core material of the filament has reduced foreign mass in comparison to meshes of the prior art or the mesh when it also includes the surface material.

The mesh of the urethral support member may be formed from composite polymers. As described for the bicomponent microfibres, composite polymers provide the urethral support implants with dual phase technology. A first face of the mesh has particular characteristics such as flexibility and elasticity, while a second face of the mesh provides the mesh with characteristics which improved the surgical handling of the mesh such as strength and robustness. The mesh results in an unfinished edge. This mesh is not as likely to cause the same problems as the rough and jagged edges of the of prior art mesh, due to the fewer strands, smaller diameter filaments and treatment of the mesh with absorbable coating which protects the tissue from the mesh during implantation when damage is most likely to occur.

In a further embodiment, the mesh has perimeter strands. Typically, the mesh is circular or the like in shape and thus the perimeter strand can be generally referred to as a circumferential strand. One strand runs around the circumference of the oval shape of the mesh. In another embodiment, several circumferential strands may be present, each circumferential strand may extend over one side of the oval mesh, i.e. around half the circumference of the mesh. In another embodiment, the circumferential strands are arranged concentrically and each extends around the mesh at a different radial location.

An outer circumferential strand extending around the perimeter of the mesh, and further circumferential strands are arranged inwardly of the outer circumferential strand forming a perimeter spaced by a distance. The distance between adjacent circumferential members, can vary and in this example is 20 mm.

Transverse strands extend from the centre of the oval mesh to points on the perimeter of the mesh. In this example, four transverse strands are provided across the diameter of the mesh, dividing the mesh into eight angularly equal portions.

The mesh of this embodiment may be formed from materials as previously described. Depending on the material chosen the mesh may be woven, knitted or extruded as one piece, or individual or groups of strands can be extruded separately and joined to one another.

In another embodiment, meshes may have angled sides. A mesh according to this embodiment has a similar structure to that described above. However, the mesh has a perimeter member having angled sides. Further it may have transverse members arranged only to extend towards the perimeter of the mesh, rather than ail being across the diameter of the mesh. This provides a more uniform structure. More specifically, the mesh has a transverse member extending along its axis of symmetry, a transverse member bisecting the axis of symmetry, and four further transverse members extending from the axis of symmetry to the perimeter of the mesh.

In addition to the pores provided by the combination of filaments which form the strands, pores can be provided by rings of polypropylene positioned at the intersection of the circumferential and transverse members.

Alternatively the pores may be formed by the spacing of the transverse members, such that pores of a size 50 to 200 microns suitable for enabling tissue ingrowth between the transverse members.

With continued reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the urethral support member 26 has a first end 40 and a second end 42. In one embodiment, the length of the urethral support member 26 is shorter than the length of either of the first elongate member 22 and second elongate member 22′. For example, the length of the urethral support member 26 is about 5-100%, preferably about 5-80%, more preferably, 5-30%, most preferably 5-20%, of the length of either the first elongate member 22 or the second elongate member 22′. The width of each elongate member may be in the range of about 0.1-30%, 0.8-20%, 1-20%, or 5-10% of the width of the urethral support member, for example.

Referring still to FIGS. 5A and 5B, in one embodiment, the first end 40 of the urethral support member 26 is joined to the first stabilizer 24, and the second end 42 of the urethral support member 26 is joined to the second stabilizer 24′. The end of the support member may be attached to either the first or second stabilizer by ultrasonic welding, thermal bonding, chemical bonding, an adhesive, or by a mechanical means such as, a fastener, a hook and eye, suture, and post and slot, for example. The attachment of the ends of the support member to the first or second stabilizer may be permanent or reversibly attached.

Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, in one embodiment according to the invention, the urethral support system 20 further comprises a tensioner 50. Any of the tensioners described herein may be reversibly attached to the patient's skin by, for example, an adhesive.

The exemplary tensioner 50 illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B typically is substantially flat to lie close to the skin thereby avoiding being inadvertently dislodged. The shape may be any suitable shape such as round, rectangular or oval as illustrated in FIG. 6A. The length of the tensioner is in the range of about 1 to 6 cm, preferably, 3 to 6 cm, 1 to 3 cm, or 1-4 cm. The width is in the range of about 1 to 4 cm, and the depth is in the range of about 0.5-3 cm.

At each end of the tensioner 50 illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B, one hole 52, 52′, more preferably two holes at each end of the tensioner 50, extend from the top surface 56 through the body of the tensioner 50 to the bottom surface 57 of the tensioner 50. The diameter of each hole 52, 52′ is sufficient to easily accommodate the second end 32 of the elongate member 22, 22′ of the supplementary stabilization system 10 of the urethral support system 20. In one embodiment, the diameter of each hole 52, 52′ is in the range of about 5 mm or less, preferably 3 mm. A plurality of smaller diameter holes 54, 54′, for example, linearly arranged at each end of the tensioner 50, extend from the top surface 56, through the body of the tensioner to the bottom surface 57 on both ends of the tensioner 50. The diameter of holes 54, 54′ is smaller than holes 52, 52′ to allow for pinching or clamping of the second end of the elongate member 22, 22′ when the elongate member is pulled from its emergence through the larger holes 52, 52′ at the top surface 56 of the tensioner 50 over to the smaller holes 54, 54′ thereby pinching, cleating or clamping the second end 32 of the elongate member 22 to the tensioner 50.

As an alternative to the embodiment of the tensioner 50 described above, an adhesive may be used alone or in concert with the holes for attaching the second end 32 of the elongate member 22 to the tensioner 50. In yet another embodiment, the tensioner 50 may include only one hole 52.

Referring to FIGS. 7A-7C, in an alternate embodiment, the tensioner comprises a rotary device to provide mechanical advantage by rotary force movement for adjusting the tension on the suburethral support member. The illustrative rotary force tensioner 60 illustrated in an assembled configuration in FIG. 7A and in an exploded format in FIG. 7B, includes a wheel 62 and a wheel ratchet 63. The wheel 62 rotatably locks into the wheel ratchet 63 by, for example, a clip 64, preferably two clips 64, located opposite to one another on the rim 65 of the wheel ratchet 63. At least one ridge 66 perpendicular to the long axis of the wheel ratchet 63 is positioned on the clip 64 and projects towards the center of the wheel ratchet 63.

Referring now to FIGS. 7C-E, the wheel 62 includes at least one gate 67 located on the perimeter of the wheel 62. The gate 67 is a partially detached wedge-like portion of the outer rim 70 of the wheel 62. The second end 32 of the elongate member 22 passes between the gate 67 and the inner rim 68 of the wheel 62. As the wheel 62 is manually rotatably ratcheted on the wheel ratchet 63 by rotating the knob 71 indicated by arrow 69 in FIG. 7D, the gate 67 is compressed by the ridge 66 against the inner rim 68 and the elongate member 22 is locked within the tensioner 50 between the gate 67 and the inner rim 68 of the wheel 62 as illustrated in FIG. 7E.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a kit for treatment of urinary incontinence. In one embodiment, the kit includes a urethral support stabilization system. The urethral support stabilization system includes a first and second elongate member, a first and second stabilizer and optionally a urethral support member, for example a mesh sling. In one embodiment, each of the elongate members comprise an absorbable, non-porous material, without interstices that would permit cellular ingrowth. In another embodiment, each of the stabilizers comprise a substantially planar member with multiple radii, i.e., beads as described above projecting from the edge of the planar surface. The stabilizer may further feature a throughhole at one end. In another embodiment, the kit of the invention may further include a tensioner including a hole for pinching the end of an elongate member or an adhesive for adhering to an elongate member.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for providing urethral support in a patient, such as, for the therapy of female urinary incontinence, and/or uterovaginal prolapse, for example. Referring to FIGS. 8A to 8C, in one embodiment of the method of the invention, a surgeon takes a vaginal to abdominal skin approach by incising the vaginal wall 108 to provide a site for the introduction of the urethral support system 20, described above, to the para-urethral area, i.e., adjacent to the urethra. The supplementary stabilization system 10 including the first elongate member 22 led by the second 32 or free end, is passed through the vaginal incision, around one side of the urethra 114, through the soft tissue of the retro-pubic space 112, behind the pubic bone 102, through the rectus sheath 104, subcutaneous tissue 118, and abdominal skin 106 to emerge on the surface of the abdominal skin 106 at a first abdominal location. According to one embodiment, the first end 30 of the first elongate member 22 of the supplementary stabilization system 10 is pre-attached to the first stabilizer 24. Alternatively, the first end 30 of the first elongate member 22 of the supplementary stabilization system 10 is attached to the first stabilizer 24 during the surgical procedure. In yet another embodiment, the elongate member and stabilizer are detachable.

In one embodiment, the first stabilizer 24 is positioned in the soft tissue of the retropubic space 112, while the elongate member 22 emerges from the abdominal skin 106. The first stabilizer 24 is positioned in the retropubic space, i.e., it does not pass through any of the intervening tissues i.e., rectus sheath, subcutaneous tissue and skin, between the retropubic space and the skin surface.

The first end 40 of the urethral support member 26 is pre-attached to the first stabilizer 24. Alternatively, the first end 40 of the urethral support member 26 is attachable and detachable to the first stabilizer 24 during the surgical procedure. A portion of the urethral support member 26, for example, a first portion extending from approximately the mid-point to one end of the urethral support member, is positioned on the side of the urethra 114 through which the first elongate member 22 passed.

This procedure is repeated with the second elongate member 22′, second stabilizer 24′, and the support member 26 on the other side of the urethra 114. As with the first stabilizer 24, the second stabilizer 24′ is positioned in the retropubic space but at a location different than the first stabilizer 24. The second stabilizer 24′ does not pass through any of the intervening tissues i.e., rectus sheath, subcutaneous tissue and skin, between the retropubic space and the skin surface. Following introduction of the second elongate member 22′ and the second stabilizer 24′, the remaining urethral support member 26 is positioned under the urethra 114 with one end of the support member on one side of the urethra 114 and the other end of the support member on the other side of the urethra 114.

In one embodiment, the first stabilizer 24 and the second stabilizer 24′ cannot extend into the intervening tissues between the retropubic space and the skin surface largely because the length of the urethral support member 26 from its midpoint under the urethra to one end of the urethral support member and the length of the suspending member, if one is used, that is positioned on one side of the urethral support member to which the stabilizer is connected, is shorter than the distance between the urethra and the rectus sheath.

Referring to FIG. 8B, following the emergence of the second elongate member 22′ at a second abdominal location, the position of the urethral support member 26 under the urethra is adjusted and stabilized by applying tension via the supplementary stabilization system 10 to one, the other, or both of the first 22 elongate member and second elongate member 22′. Tension may be applied manually, i.e., by hand without mechanical aids or by a system that includes mechanical aids such as by mechanically applying rotary or linear force movement, and, further, may measure and or regulate the applied tension. The tension is transmitted from the elongate members to the first and second stabilizers 24, 24′. For example, by applying tension such as by pulling the first elongate member 22 at its second end 32, the first stabilizer 24 advances through the soft tissue while the second stabilizer 24′ is withdrawn through the soft tissue along the path already taken by the second stabilizer 24′.

Referring to FIG. 8C, in one embodiment of the method of the invention, the supplementary stabilization system 10 further includes the tensioner 50, such as the tensioner 50 described above with respect to FIGS. 6A and 6B. The exemplary tensioner 50 is joined to the free ends 32, 32′ of the first and second elongate members 22, 22′, respectively, emerging through, for example, the abdominal skin 106. The tension of the urethral support member 26 is adjusted by applying tension to the second end 32, 32′, respectively, of the first and second elongate members 22, 22′. The urethral support member 26 may be moved from side-to-side because the stabilizer 24, 24′, illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B, may be pulled back and forth in the soft tissues in contrast to prior art devices which have prongs, hooks, barbs or other obtrusive projections to prevent the device from being withdrawn from the soft tissue along the path of entry.

In another embodiment, the surgeon takes a vaginal to perineal approach. The perineum corresponds to the outlet of the pelvis inferior to the pelvic diaphragm (levator ani and coccygeus). The boundaries of the perineum are provided by the pubic arch and the arcuate ligament of the pubis, the tip of the coccyx and on either side of the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium, and the sacrotuberous ligament. A line joining the anterior parts of the ischial tuberosities divides the perineum into two portions, the posterior anal triangle portion and the smaller anterior urogenital triangle.

In the vaginal to perineal approach, referring now to FIGS. 9A and 9B, a surgeon incises the vaginal wall 108 to provide a site for the introduction of the urethral support system 20, described above, to the para-urethral area. The supplementary stabilization system 10 including the first elongate member 22 led by the second 32 or free end, is passed through the vaginal incision, around one side of the urethra 114, through the soft tissues of the perineal space 110 including the perineal muscles and towards and behind the inferior pubic ramus, but not through the obturator foramen, through the subcutaneous tissue underlying the skin of the perineum 150, emerging on the surface of the perineal skin 150 at a first perineal location.

The first stabilizer 24 is positioned in the soft tissues of the perineal space 110 while the elongate member 22 emerges from the perineal skin 150. The first stabilizer 24 is positioned in the soft tissue of the perineal space 110, i.e., the first stabilizer 24 does not pass through the skin.

The first end 40 of the support member 26 is pre-attached to the first stabilizer 24. Alternatively, the first end 40 of the support member 26 is attachable and detachable to the first stabilizer 24 during the surgical procedure. The support member 26 is positioned on the side of the urethra 114 through which the first elongate member 22 passed.

Referring to FIG. 9B, this procedure is repeated with the second elongate member 22′, second stabilizer 24′ and the support member 26 on the other side of the urethra 114. As with the first stabilizer 24, the second stabilizer 24′ is positioned in the perineal space 110 at a location different than the first stabilizer 24. The second stabilizer 24′ does not pass through the skin. Neither the first stabilizer 24 nor the second stabilizer 24′ are positioned at a location above the endopelvic fascia. Moreover, the urethral support system used for a vaginal to perineal approach does not extend through the abdominal wall or the obturator foramen. Following introduction of the second elongate member 22′ and the second stabilizer 24′, the urethral support member 26 is positioned under the urethra 114 with one end of the urethral support member 26 on one side of the urethra 114 and the other end of the urethral support member 26 on the other side of the urethra 114.

In one embodiment, the first stabilizer 24 and the second stabilizer 24′ cannot extend into the intervening tissue between the perineal space and the skin surface because the length of the urethral support member from its midpoint on one side of the urethra to one end of then urethral support member and the length of the suspending member, if one is used, is less than the distance between the urethra and the perineal skin. Typically, for the vaginal to perineal approach the length of the urethral support member from its midpoint on one side of the urethra and the suspending member on the same side of the urethra, if one is used, is in the range of about 3 to 6 cm, preferably 4 cm.

Following the emergence of the second elongate member 22′ at a second perineal skin location, the position of the urethral support member 26 under the urethra is adjusted and stabilized by applying tension to one or the other of the first 22 and second elongate member 22′, or both. Tension may be applied manually, i.e., by hand without mechanical aids or by a system that includes mechanical aids such as by mechanically applying rotary or linear force movement, and further, may measure and or regulate the applied tension. As discussed above, the tension is transmitted from the elongate members to the first and second stabilizers 24, 24′. For example, applying tension such as by pulling the second end 32 of the first elongate member 22, the first stabilizer 24 advances through the soft tissue while the second stabilizer 24′ is withdrawn through the soft tissue along the path already taken by the second stabilizer 24′.

A first tensioner 50 is joined to the free end 32 of the first elongate member 22 of the supplementary stabilization system 10 that emerges through the perineal skin at a first location. A second tensioner 50 is joined to the free end 32′ of the second elongate member 22′ of the supplementary stabilization system 10 emerging through the perineal skin at a second location. The tension of the urethral support member 26 is adjusted by applying tension to the first elongate member 22 and the second elongate member 22′.

In one embodiment, the skin locations may be on the medial aspect of the thighs.

In another embodiment of the method of the invention, the stabilizers 24, 24′ are positioned in the pre-pubic soft tissue and the ends 32 of the first and second elongate members 22, 22′ emerge through the pre-pubic skin.

Alternatively, the route through tissues can be reversed, for example, for an abdominal to vaginal approach, the urethral support system would pass through tissues in the following order, abdominal skin at a first location, subcutaneous tissue, rectus sheath, retropubic space, suburethral space, and finally, through the vaginal incision. These steps would be repeated on the other side starting at a second abdominal skin location.

For a perineal to vaginal approach, the urethral system would pass through tissues in the following order, perineal skin at a first location, subcutaneous perineal tissue, perineal muscles, suburethral space and finally through a vaginal incision. The steps would be repeated on the other side starting at a second perineal skin location.

Regardless of the surgical approach, according to the invention, intra-operative and post operative adjustment of the urethral support member, for example by adjusting the tension applied to the urethral support member, may be performed for up to one week, preferably 72 hours after surgery. For example, in one embodiment of the method, the tensioner 50 is left in place for 1 to 7 days following implantation of the urethral support member 26. The ends 32 of the first and second elongate members 22, 22′ emerging through the abdominal wall, perineal skin, or pre-pubic skin as the case may be, are transected after first applying tension to the free ends 32, 32′ to pull a portion of the elongate members 22, 22′ adjacent to the free end from below the skin, through the skin, to the skin surface. The portion of the elongate member that was below the skin is cut so that the remnant of the elongate member after cutting that was under tension retracts back under the skin. The same procedure is repeated with the elongate member emerging at the second abdominal, perineal, or pre-pubic location, as the case may be. The one or more tensioners are removed from the patient.

In a particular embodiment of the method of the invention, the vaginal incision is closed, e.g., by suturing followed by adjustment of the tension of the urethral support member by transmitting tension from the elongate members through the stabilizers to the urethral support member. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of providing support to an anatomical structure of the pelvis, the method comprising: inserting an implant into a patient, the implant including a first end portion and a second end portion that are configured to stabilize the implant in the patient, the first end portion disposed opposite the second end portion, the first end portion including a first aperture receiving a first elongate member, the second end portion including a second aperture receiving a second elongate member; inserting a first elongate member into a pelvic space on a first side of a urethra of a patient, the first elongate member being slidably received through the first aperture of the implant such that the first elongate member is looped through the first aperture to secure the first elongate member to the implant; inserting a second elongate member into a pelvic space on a second side of the urethra of the patient, the second elongate member being slidably received through the second aperture of the implant such that the second elongate member is looped through the second aperture to secure the second elongate member to the implant; directing the first and second elongate members through the skin of the patient to locations outside of the body of the patient; adjusting a position of the implant under the urethra of the patient by applying tension to the first elongate member from the locations outside the body of the patient; and cutting the first and second elongate members.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising positioning the implant loosely under the urethra of the patient.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising positioning the implant under a mid-urethra of the patient.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising making an incision in a vaginal wall of the patient, wherein the first and second elongate members are inserted through the incision.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising inserting the first elongate member into the pelvic space using an introducer having a curved shaft.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising inserting the first elongate member into the pelvic space along a curved path.
 7. A method for treating urinary incontinence in a patient, the method comprising: making a vaginal incision; directing an end portion of a first elongate member of a pelvic implant through the vaginal incision to a first location outside of a body of the patient, the pelvic implant including a suburethral support having a first end through which the first elongate member is looped such that the first elongate member is secured to the first end of the suburethral support and having a second end through which a second elongate member is looped to secure the second elongate member such that the second elongate member is secured to the second end of the suburethral support, the first and second elongate members being substantially thread-like in form; directing an end portion of the second elongate member of the pelvic implant through the vaginal incision to a second location outside of the body of the patient; directing the suburethral support of the pelvic implant through the vaginal incision into the pelvis to a suburethral position; tensioning the end portions of the first and second elongate members to tension the suburethral support; and cutting the end portions of the first and second elongate members.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second elongate members do not pass through the obturators of the patient.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second ends of the suburethral support are configured to stabilize the suburethral support while allowing the suburethral support to be advanced and withdrawn through tissue of the pelvis during tensioning.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the first end of the suburethral support includes an integrally formed first stabilizer that is configured to resist movement along a tissue path in the pelvis while allowing atraumatic advancement and withdrawal of the first stabilizer along the tissue path.
 11. A method of assembling an implant for treatment of urinary incontinence, the method comprising: providing a suburethral support including a mesh material, the suburethral support having a first end and a second end; looping a first elongate member through a first aperture in the first end of the suburethral support such that the first elongate member defines a first loop having a first side and a second side, the first elongate member being substantially thread-like in form; securing the first side of the first loop with the second side of the first loop such that the first elongate member is secured to the first end of the suburethral support; looping a second elongate member through a second aperture in the second end of the suburethral support such that the second elongate member defines a second loop having a first side and a second side, the second elongate member being substantially thread-like in form; and securing the first side of the second loop with the second side of the second loop such that the second elongate member is secured to the second end of the suburethral support.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first end of the suburethral support includes an integrally formed first stabilizer that is configured to resist movement along a tissue path in the pelvis while allowing atraumatic advancement and withdrawal of the first stabilizer along the tissue path, the first stabilizer defining the first aperture. 